Tuesday, October 31, 2017

Is Risk-Taking a Personality Trait?

New research from the University of Basel suggests an individual’s propensity to take risks remains stable over time, akin to the general Intelligence Quotient (IQ).

It is known that people differ considerably in their willingness to take risks and that an individual’s tendency to take risks can also vary across domains.

However, a new European study on over 1500 participants finds evidence that there is also a general factor of individual risk preference, which remains stable over time. The findings have been published in the journals Science Advances and Nature Human Behaviour.

Questions such as “should I invest my money or leave it in my savings account?”, or even decisions on “whether to have surgery or not,” are judgment decisions as they have consequences and involve risks.

Investigators wanted to determine the nature of the risk preference driving risk-related decisions. That is, does our risk preference depend on the context or is it largely consistent across situations?

Investigators from the Max Planck Institute for Human Development in Berlin and the University of Basel found that both are true.

For the study, the researchers assessed the risk preferences of 1,507 adults aged between 20 and 36 years, by using three distinct approaches: self-reports on hypothetical risk scenarios, experimental behavioral tests involving financial incentives, and information on actual risky activities in everyday life.

In total, participants completed 39 tests over the course of a day. To examine how stable the risk preference is over time, the researchers had 109 participants repeat the tests after six months. Previous studies on risk preference mostly used just one or only a few selected measurement instruments.

Investigators learned that a person’s risk profile remains relatively consistent over time.

“Our findings indicate that risk-taking propensity has a psychometric structure similar to that of psychological personality characteristics. Like the general factor of intelligence, there is also a general factor of risk preference,” said Dr. Renato Frey from the University of Basel and the Max Planck Institute for Human Development.

“In other words, your willingness to take risks may vary across different areas of your life, but it will always be affected by the underlying general factor of risk preference.”

Supporting this idea, the study’s findings show that individuals’ general factor of risk preference remains stable over time.

Researchers also discovered that the hypothetical scenarios and the reports on actual risk-taking behavior both painted a similar picture of an individual’s risk preference.

However, a rather different picture emerged from the experimental behavioral tests. A detailed analysis of these inconsistencies revealed that for different behaviors, test participants used different decision-making strategies.

The strategic approach for risk taking depended on the type of behavioral task; whether it presented risk in a context of a game, for example, or in a more abstract form.

“These results show that behavioral tests, which tend to be the preferred approach of economists, often give an inconsistent picture of people’s risk preferences that is difficult to explain with unified theories of risk behavior,” said Prof. Dr. Jörg Rieskamp from the University of Basel.

Investigators believe the study findings are important both methodologically as well as theoretically.

“Our work is a wake-up call for researchers, who need to think twice about the various measurement traditions. In particular, there needs to be a better understanding of what exactly the behavioral tasks measure. It seems clear that they don’t assess risk preference across situations,” said Prof. Dr. Ralph Hertwig from the Max Planck Institute for Human Development.

“But our finding of a general factor of risk preference — based on self-reports and frequency measures of actual risky activities— suggests that risk preference is a personality characteristic in its own right. This insight will make it possible to examine the biological underpinnings of risk preference in future studies.”

Source: University of Basel



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Those Who Value Self-Improvement Tend to Show Wiser Reasoning

It often seems that helping friends analyze and work through their problems is a lot easier than working through our own troubles. While we may be able to look at others’ problems with wise objectivity, we tend to view our own issues through a skewed, emotional lens.

A new Canadian study, however, suggests that not everyone struggles to reason wisely with their own problems. The findings, published in the journal Psychological Science, show that people who are motivated to develop the best in themselves and others don’t show this bias — in fact, they tend to take the same wise approach to their own problems as they do for others.

“Our findings suggest that people who value virtuous motives may be able to reason wisely for themselves, and overcome personal biases observed in previous research,” said psychological scientist Alex Huynh of the University of Waterloo in Ontario.

“This is in part due to their ability to recognize that their perspectives may not be enough to fully understand a situation, a concept referred to as intellectual humility.”

Previous studies on this topic have typically focused on how situations can affect a person’s level of wise reasoning, but the new study shows that personal motivations may also play a role.

“To our knowledge, this is the first research that empirically ties this conceptualization of virtue with wisdom, a connection that philosophers have been making for over two millennia,” says Huynh. “These findings open up new avenues for future research to investigate how to increase a person’s level of wisdom.”

To investigate the link between personal ideals and reasoning, Huynh and University of Waterloo coauthors Harrison Oakes, Garrett R. Shay, and Dr. Ian McGregor recruited 267 university students to participate in this study.

The students reported how motivated they were to pursue virtue by rating their agreement with statements like “I would like to contribute to others or the surrounding world” and “I would like to do what I believe in.”

Then, they were randomly assigned to think about either a personal problem or a close friend’s problem, imagine that the conflict was still unresolved, and describe how they thought and felt about the situation.

Finally, they rated how useful different wise reasoning strategies (e.g. searching for compromise, adopting an outsider’s perspective) would be in dealing with that particular problem.

As expected, participants who were thinking about a friend’s problem believed wiser strategies were more useful than did the participants who were thinking about their own personal issues.

However, the motivation to pursue virtue seemed to close this gap — participants who thought about personal problems rated wise-reasoning strategies as more valuable as their motivation to pursue virtue increased.

Further analysis revealed two specific aspects of wise reasoning that mattered most: considering other people’s perspectives and intellectual humility. People who valued virtue may show wise reasoning because they recognize that understanding the full scope of their problem requires going beyond their personal perspective.

A second online study with 356 participants produced similar findings.

“Everyone is susceptible to becoming too invested in their own perspectives, but this doesn’t have to be the case for everybody. As these findings suggest, your own personality and motivational orientation can influence your ability to approach your personal problems in a calmer, wiser manner,” Huynh said.

The researchers plan to investigate this link in additional experiments, examining whether training people to value virtuous motives — i.e., to focus on their personal ideals and contributing to others — enhances their ability to use wise reasoning strategies.

Source: University of Waterloo



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Best of Our Blogs: October 31, 2017

We all struggle with fear, which makes taking on a new persona for a night, going to a Haunted House or watching scary movies fun. It transforms what’s terrifying into something light. It puts us in a seat of power by giving us an opportunity to dress up as fear.

Are you watching a Halloween comedy, wearing a costume or finding another way to put fear in its place?

How about learning how to really be assertive, kicking loneliness on its head and imagining what your future would be like married to a narcissist?

These tips of courage will stay with you long after the candy is gone.

Happy Halloween!

The 5 Skills of Assertiveness – And How to Get Them
(Childhood Emotional Neglect) – If you think assertive only means, “standing up for yourself,” you’re half right. Here’s what you’re missing and how it can impact the way you communicate.

Love Bombing is the Gateway Drug to Love Addiction
(Liberation After Narcissistic Abuse) – You got trapped on a roller coaster romance with a narcissist. Here’s why and what you can do about it.

When You Feel Lonely
(Make a Mess: Everyday Creativity) – When you’re craving connection, these creative tips can help soothe feelings of loneliness.

10 Ways to Show Support for Someone after a Trauma
(The Exhausted Woman) – What do you say to someone after they’ve suffered a trauma? As these steps show, sometimes what you do is more important than what you say.

What to Expect When you Marry a Narcissist
(The Recovery Expert) – Yikes! This list will make you think twice about getting romantically involved with a narcissist.



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How To Rise Up Out Of and Actually Benefit From Fake News

Fake news is my topic today. The chances are that we have all been effected by fake news in one way or another in recent times and today I wanted to write about how fake news can actually help us all learn a huge amount about ourselves and ultimately make us much better people.

“I am deleting all my friends who are supporters of Brexit” one of my Facebook friends recently posted as their status update. Apparently, she could not maintain friendships with anyone who could not see how much harm Brexit was doing our country and will do to future generations.

Likewise, there is quite a bit of politically motivated sentiment that fills my newsfeed, especially given the current political climate and hot on the heels of a number of elections here in the UK. One of my friends referred to all UKIP supporters as “bigots” and a couple of my friends shared quotes and newspaper pages referring to Jeremy Corbyn as a Trotsky-loving terrorist sympathiser.

In fact, I myself posted a quote from a comedian who I really like that had an anti-Tory message that made sweeping generalisations about Conservative supporters and it upset a couple of my friends during the recent general election here in the UK.

Following the Brexit vote, then our general election, and the climate of world politics a week doesn’t pass that people I know on social media or clients of mine are not seemingly taking up alms in the name of politics or something else happening in the news, usually in a way that is also showing a dislike or disdain for supporters of opposing political perspectives and beholding a fear for the future of the country.

It is mentioned greatly currently, in light of the USA/Russia election allegations and the fact that the President of the USA Donald Trump uses the term so much during his common Twitter rants, and one of the contributing factors to this deepening political and social divide is that of “fake news.” Fake news may be stories or articles that are just downright and blatant lies or fabrications, or just massively biased or incomplete reporting of actual news, or misleading interpretations of actual events, statistics or stories.


Fake news is news that has some sort of an agenda and it goes beyond reporting of objective facts and attempts to lead, influence and persuade the consumer to a particular conclusion or idealistic destination. As well as some mainstream publications having obvious affiliations, leanings and therefore a huge bias in how they present events, there are lengths that some organisations are going to, in order to flavour social media and responses to a lot of fake news, highlighted in popular TV series even…..

In the recent series of Homeland, an anti-government news agency (with a lead character very much like the conspiracy theorist Alex Jones) had a full office building filled with people setting up fake social media accounts and adopting an anti-government political stance to garner favour and support from the masses who consume the media fake news stories. They would add comments, share articles, drum up disdain and try to sway large sections of the electorate to protest against the government’s position on certain debates and against the US president.

Similarly, in the most recent series of South Park showing here in the UK currently, the South Park boys are divided as Butters has developed a call centre of children setting up fake Facebook accounts and are making up lies about the other boys and everyone else at their school and within their community believes the fake news – it is a parody with plenty of truth if the current FBI investigations and Facebook media soundbites are anything to go by.

So we have all of this mass of information and misinformation bombarding us from all directions and what starts happening is that perfectly reasonable people then start arguing and disagreeing on what is fake and what is not!! I have encountered some people agreeing that a news item is fake, yet not really caring because the fake news reflects and sympathises with their own perspective and viewpoint though the same people get rattled and care a great deal more when the bias or fake news goes against their held beliefs – this is then considered a bad thing that is blighting integrity and masking the truth.

I read another article on this topic yesterday and it cited a respected survey called “The American National Election Studies” which explores and researches the political opinions of the American population. They stated that 30 years ago, “people’s feelings toward those in the opposite political party were NOT that different from how they felt about those in their own party.”

This is a stark contrast to that of today where opinions tend to be polarised and vitriolic towards opposing views and political stances. There are relatively few people who adopt the stance of “respectfully disagreeing” and more people who get upset and therefore demonise the opposing perspective. I think some of this comes from the way politics is conducted these days, certainly some of the UK and US elections of recent times have been very acrimonious and divisive in and of themselves.

It is this notion of polarisation and fake news that I think presents us all with a great opportunity. At the same time, perhaps we get the chance to open the curtains, let the light in and remove some of the ill-tempered shade that is covering so much of the world at the moment. It requires a great deal of objectivity, honesty, bravery and humility because we have to identify our own blind spots, our own belief systems, our own biases and really invest our effort in improving who and how we are, how we conduct ourselves and how we impact upon the world around us.

When I shared the quip online that was offensive to one political party, I thought it was funny because it supported my political leaning. Yet when similar jokes were made about the leaders and important figures representing my political stance and leaning, I felt offended and got a bit precious and annoyed. Today, I see that in myself and it makes me slightly uncomfortable. Often, when we look closely at who and how we’ve been in this regard, it is not always all that flattering and we may choose to distract ourselves from that, ignore it, or seek to defend ourselves further among like-minded people as a means of putting our head in the sand and staying where we are – potentially contributing to the discord!

And it is not reserved for the politically themed news, even my beloved field of hypnotherapy gets a splash of Fake News from time to time: Why “Science by Press Release” In The Hypnotherapy and Hypnosis Fields Frustrates Me.

A lot of people, without even realising they are doing it, often do the following:

a) They seek out and look for information that confirms and supports their pre-existing beliefs. As a result, they’ll tend to overlook, be suspicious of, or respond negatively to information that challenges those held beliefs.
b) They find it incredibly difficult to admit they are wrong when it involves those firmly held beliefs.
c) They tend to excuse the bad behaviour of people that they identify with, and will simultaneously criticise the exact same behaviour in people they oppose.
d) They derive some degree of satisfaction when those they deeply disagree with are ridiculed; and will become defensive (even angry) when those they identify with or support are ridiculed.
e) When any of the points a-d above are highlighted out during a heated discussion or debate, they are likely to deny or attempt to justify what they are doing.
f) They are likely to read the above a-d points and agree that the usual and typical person is guilty of such things, but be convinced that they themselves are more objective than those other typical people.

Recognise any of that in yourself? Then you are likely to find these articles very useful and beneficial reading too:

1. Critical Thinking: Its Importance and Ways to Improve It.
2. Another Scientific Reason For Hypnotherapists to Abandon the Myth of the Unconscious Mind – Cognitive Bias.

The great news is that there is plenty that we can do about it.


We all need to start from a place where we are prepared and open-minded enough to admit our own biases, make it our aim to be fairer and to treat those with whom we disagree in the same way we would like to be treated ourselves. With that mindset truly in place, we can start to take some action.

Step One: Attempt to find some merit, however small it may be, in the news stories and articles that you are exposed to. Strive to develop an understanding of what is being attempted to be conveyed.

When discussing or debating, in addition to presenting and arguing with objective facts, also look to understand some of the deeper reasons why the other person feels and responds the way they are doing. They may have a story that underpins their belief system.

Step Two: Ask the question “What do I actually lose if I update or change some of my beliefs?”

Do I have a bias here? Do I have a need to be right? Do I have some loyalty keeping me in a particular mindset? Am I being stubborn? Do I fear the consequences of changing?

Step Three: Have you or do you label the people that you disagree with in derogatory ways? If you applied the same labels to yourself, would there be any truth in them? Would others agree with those labels being applied to you, do you think? How accurate do you think such labels are?

Have you referred to someone else as being closed to alternating perspectives, or being hypocritical? Are you seeing that in others because you wish to hide the fact that you are being that way?

Step Four: Cease with writing inflaming comments in divisive debates on social media networks. Look to enlighten if at all possible, but leaving your ego at the door and not being judgmental or trying to correct others. Consider how what you write effects those with opposing views.

Step Five: Use self-hypnosis, mindfulness, or other strategies that will help you to heighten your awareness of yourself honestly and objectively so that you can look to update what you do, open your own mind, recognise flaws and aim to make a major uplifting contribution to the lives of those that you come into contact with.

There is going to be much more Fake News coming our way, and the very subject is going to be in our newsfeed in coming weeks as the big FBI investigations into Russia’s involvement in the Trump/Clinton election start to unravel in the US. So how about we use it as an opportunity to hone how we think, how we appraise information and also how we communicate to others and heighten awareness of our own processes? I think we can use the Fake News to advance and rise up out of it all the better with the right mindset and approach to it.

1. Have bias, negative beliefs or poor thinking habits held you back and is it still doing so now? Do you need to learn how to develop better ways of thinking?
Coaching with Adam Eason Or Hypnotherapy with Adam Eason
2. Would you like a satisfying and meaningful career as a hypnotherapist helping others develop better thinking habits?
Adam Eason’s Anglo European training college.
3. Are you a hypnotherapist for whom bias, negative beliefs or poor thinking habits are negatively effecting the success of your business? Do you need to be more effective to fulfil your career ambitions?
Hypnotherapist Mentoring with Adam Eason.

Likewise, if you’d like to learn more about self-hypnosis, understand the evidence based principles of it from a scientific perspective and learn how to apply it to many areas of your life while having fun and in a safe environment and have the opportunity to test everything you learn, then come and join me for my one day seminar which does all that and more, have a read here: The Science of Self-Hypnosis Seminar.



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Article : NLP and Sports - Where two worlds merge and the outcome is ultra high performance

When thinking back to the origins of NLP in its early days, you would not be forgiven in thinking that NLP and Sports were polar opposites in society.

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The Devilish Side of Psychiatry




The devil always experienced malicious pleasure in imposing himself in neuropsychiatric nosology


Olry and Haines (2017) published a mischievous article in the Journal of the History of the Neurosciences:
Having an inquiring mind by nature, the Devil always managed to interfere in all spheres of human activity, including the sciences. ... Biologists use an enzyme called “luciferase” — Lucifer has been described as the “light-bearing” fallen angel, hence the bioluminescence — to spot certain proteins by chromogenous reactions (Lodish et al., 2005, p. 92). ...

But how did the Devil get a foot — of course cloven (!) — into the door of the neurosciences?

Demonic possession plays an important role, of course, even in modern day psychiatric nosology (see the debate over Possession Trance Disorder in DSM-5). Does it make any sense to use DSM-5 (or DSM-IV) criteria to diagnose spirit possession across cultures? Transcultural psychiatry takes a much more inclusive and sensitive approach to such phenomena, which are often precipitated by trauma.

Olry and Haines (2017) avoid this literature entirely and suggest that:
The concept of demonic possession has been mainly of theological (Omand, 1970; Balducci, 1975; Rodewyk, 1988; Amorth, 1999, 2002; Bamonte, 2006; Fortea, 2006, 2008) and/or historical concern (Villeneuve, 1975; Pigin, 1998; Kelly, 2010; Kiely & McKenna, 2007).  ...
Although conservative theologians might not question the reality of diabolical possession (see Haag, 1969; Cortès & Gatti, 1975, for the few exceptions), many psychiatrists and psychologists admit being interested in the concept though, of course, not declaring themselves in favor of a supernatural etiology...

But being diabolical sorts themselves, the authors namedrop and show off their autographed copy of The Exorcist.



Figure 1. Title page of William Peter Blatty’s The Exorcist, with signed dedication by the actress Linda Blair. Author’s (R.O.) copy.



They continue:
However, literature and the movie industry — let’s remember William Peter Blatty’s The Exorcist (Blatty, 1971) (see Fig. 1) and the sociological impact of William Friedkin’s screen adaptation two years later (Bozzuto, 1975) — not only generated impassioned movie critics ... but also brought back scientific discussions involving neurosciences and, more specifically, psychology, neurology, and psychiatry (Montgomery, 1976).



Häxan (1922) entire film available at archive.org


Deadly exorcisms have been reported recently in the medical literature, including several cases of Fatal Hypernatraemia from Excessive Salt Ingestion During Exorcism. One 20-year-old woman received a prescription for Prozac to treat her postpartum depression, but her family also advised her to undergo an exorcism. She reportedly drank six glasses of a mixture of 1 kg table salt in a liter of water.

The Church itself involved physicians many centuries ago in the differential diagnosis between possession and mental disease, as exemplified by the 1583 Rheims National Synod:

[Before he undertakes to exorcize, the priest has to inquire diligently about the life of the possessed [. . .], of his health [. . .], because melancholics, lunatics often need much more cures of the physician than the ministry of exorcists.] (Tonquédec, 1948, p. 330)

Physicians, and in actual fact, clinical neuroscientists, then had to name a phenomenon — nosology oblige — about which most did not believe.


The Devil's Influence Over Neuropsychiatry – “some lexicological compromises”
...neuropsychiatrists sometimes allow themselves the use of theological concepts (e.g., possession, diabolical, demonological), provided that an additional term — medical or not — grants them a little more scientific credibility. This addition may be “neurosis” (demonological neurosis: Hélot, 1898; Freud, 1923), “psychosis” (diabolical possession psychosis: Lhermitte, 1944), “delirium” (diabolical possession delirium: Gayral, 1944; Delay, 1945), “syndrome” (possession syndrome: Yap, 1960), “phenomenon” (phenomenon of possession: Bron, 1975), “state” (possession state: Wittkower, 1970), or “experience” (possession experience: Pattison, 1969, p. 323).

Or sometimes the patient may feel like they are literally in hell.



Self-Portrait in Hell, by Edvard Munch (1903)




Reference

Olry R, Haines DE. (2017). The devil always experienced malicious pleasure in imposing himself in neuropsychiatric nosology. J Hist Neurosci. 26(3):329-335.


Further Reading

Possession Trance Disorder in DSM-5

Spirit Possession as a Trauma-Related Disorder in Uganda

"The spirit came for me when I went to fetch firewood" - Personal Narrative of Spirit Possession in Uganda

Possession Trance Disorder Caused by Door-to-Door Sales

Fatal Hypernatraemia from Excessive Salt Ingestion During Exorcism

Diagnostic Criteria for Demonic Possession



The Wailing (aka 곡성, , Gokseong)


...and to make your Halloween nightmares complete...




Although it's certainly not for everybody, The Wailing is an amazing film.


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Gregory P. Brown, MD, is recognized by Continental Who's Who - PR Newswire (press release)


LAS VEGAS, Oct. 30, 2017 /PRNewswire/ -- Gregory P. Brown, M.D., is recognized by Continental Who's Who as a Pinnacle Lifetime Member for Excellence in Psychiatry and Forensic Psychiatry in recognition of his role as General & Forensic Psychiatrist at the University of Nevada.              

Having been established over forty eight years ago, The University of Nevada, School of Medicine specializes in "progressive medical education." Dedicated to the development of their students, the university is committed to offering their scholars the latest innovations and advancements in the medical industry in an effort to further assist them in their medical pursuits. 

Amassing over twenty years of experience in the field of Psychiatry, Dr. Brown serves as a Psychiatrist at the University Of Nevada School Of Medicine. A highly trained and qualified psychiatrist specialized in all facets of Psychiatry, throughout his career, Dr.  Brown has accrued experience in handling psychiatric evaluations for the civil, criminal and family court, independent psychiatric evaluations, psychodynamics, hypnotherapy and neuro-linguistic programming. In addition to his private practice, Dr. Brown founded the Psychiatry Residency Training Program at the University of Nevada and has performed evaluations for the Clark County Commitment Court since 1997.

Throughout the course of his education and training, Dr. Brown attained his Bachelor of Arts degree in Psychology from Oberlin College in 1987. Later, he then went on to complete his Doctorate of Medicine degree from the University Of Arkansas College Of Medicine in 1991. In 1995, Dr. Brown completed his Psychiatric Residency at the Albert Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia. He completed his Fellowship Training in Forensic Psychiatry at the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry in 1996.

Certified in Psychiatry and Forensic Psychiatry by the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, Dr. Brown holds several certifications including: Q-Level Security Clearance by the Department of Energy; Certified Excursion Outreach Facilitator by the Monroe Institute; and Master Practitioner – NLP, Hypnosis, Time Line Therapy/NLP Coaching.

A renowned author of several published works, Dr. Brown has contributed to numerous medical journals including Diving Deep; Jung's Layers of the Psyche, which utilizes film and other visual media in graduate and medical education (2012); and New Mind New Body: The Inner Makeover for a New You, which describes how inner transformation can support a diet to produce long-term results (2015).

To further his professional development, Dr. Brown is an affiliate of several organizations including the American Psychiatric Association; American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law; American Association of Directors of Psychiatric Residency Training; American College of Psychiatrists; Association for Transpersonal Psychology; American Board of Hypnotherapy; and Leading Physicians of the World. Attributing his success to his dedication and commitment, Dr. Brown understands the importance of, "taking the necessary time to listen to my clients and patients, and to working with a variety of patient-centered therapeutic techniques to provide more of a holistic evaluation and treatment."

Dr. Brown dedicates this recognition to Dr. Edward Volkman, Dr. Richard Ciccone and to his wife, Alicia Tho Brown.

For more information, visit http://ift.tt/2s9d3WT.

Contact: Katherine Green, 516-825-5634, pr@continentalwhoswho.com  

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SOURCE Continental Who's Who

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