Grit is today’s subject matter. Sort of, as you’ll see. What are we referring to when we talk about about grit? Here is some dictionary action for you: Grit. noun 1. small loose particles of stone or sand. “she had a bit of grit in her eye” synonyms: gravel, pebbles, stones, shingle, sand, dust, dirt […]
The post Failing, Persevering, and Applying Grit! My Testing Time This Weekend. appeared first on Adam Eason.
In a new study, researchers found the best gift is the one from the giver who bought themselves the same thing — a phenomenon they call “companionizing.”
Dr. Evan Polman, from the University of Wisconsin–Madison’s Wisconsin School of Business, and Dr. Sam Maglio from the University of Toronto Scarborough, say that if it’s the thought that makes a gift count, the way to make your gift count extra is to get a little something for yourself.
“The fact that a gift is shared with the giver makes it a better gift in the eyes of the receiver,” Polman said. “They like a companionized gift more, and they even feel closer to the giver.”
The study appears in the journal Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.
Hundreds of participants in the study rated how likable, thoughtful, and considerate they would find each of a long list of gifts; or how likable, thoughtful, and considerate the gifts would be if the attached card included a message like, “I hope you like the gift. I got myself the same one too!”
Scores went up for gifts such as staplers, umbrellas, wool socks, and headphones that also found a home with the giver.
“We were inspired originally by things like friendship bracelets, where two people would have two things that kind of make up a whole,” Polman said.
But experiments within their study show the giver and receiver don’t have to be close friends or relatives for the companionization effect to work.
That’s particularly helpful for givers who don’t know their recipients well, Polman says, as lack of familiarity may make it even harder to pick a great gift.
Depth of relationship doesn’t make a difference, but there are a few rules. It’s not enough for the giver to simply say, “I’ve heard this is a good stapler. It gets great reviews online.”
And the boost isn’t the same if the giver acquired their own stapler months ago. The selection has to come at the same time.
After all, companionization is about togetherness.
“There’s an inexorable link between similarity and liking. The more similar you are to someone, typically the more you like them,” Polman said.
“When you receive a gift that someone has also bought for themselves, you feel more like them. That leads you to like your gift more.”
Study participants rated how likable, thoughtful, and considerate they would find gifts with or without an attached message like, “I hope you like the gift. I got myself the same one too!”
Anyway to make a gift better is helpful, especially from the perspective of economists. Some take a dim view of gifts, because they represent wasted resources.
“A lot of people end up receiving gifts they don’t especially like. So, they either discard them or sell them, and they sell them for less than they’re worth, typically,” Polman said. “There’s a loss involved in gift-giving, because people are likely to devalue a gift.”
One way to mitigate that loss is to give something fungible, like cash. But money doesn’t feel right to many people, Polman says, and companionization may offer an alternative.
“If you are faced with buying a gift for somebody, and you’re uncertain if they’re going to like it, maybe you instead find something you would like for yourself,” he says.
“Then buy the recipient the same thing, and communicate the companionizing. It makes the gift more special, like the giver is trying to communicate something: ‘I like this, and I like you. So maybe you’ll like what I like.’”
Source: University of Wisconsin
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A new study for the first time has described how SSRIs initiate their action by targeting a particular type of nerve cell. The findings, published last week in the journal Neuron, may provide a path to new antidepressants that would not only be safer to use than existing ones, but that would also act more quickly.
For the past 30 years, pills like Prozac or Zoloft — collectively known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or SSRIs — have offered millions of people a way to shed the heavy cloak of depression.
These medications were designed to increase nerve cells’ access to serotonin, a chemical that helps the brain regulate certain emotions. Yet researchers still don’t know precisely how the drugs work to adjust errant brain chemistry, or how to make them work better.
Dr. Lucian Medrihan, who led the study, explains that while existing SSRIs can produce moderate effects within hours or even minutes, most people don’t really begin to feel better until they’ve been on the drugs for a significant amount of time. Medrihan is a research associate in the lab of neuroscientist and Nobel laureate Dr. Paul Greengard.
The delay in action is a major drawback when it comes to treating clinical depression. The drugs may also cause a wide range of uncomfortable side effects, including nausea, dizziness, weight gain, and sexual dysfunction.
Researchers say the basic idea behind SSRIs is relatively simple. When a neuron releases serotonin to signal another cell, it normally reabsorbs excess amounts of the neurotransmitter, preventing it from lingering in the space where the two nerve cells meet.
The drugs interfere with this mopping-up step, essentially prolonging the signal. What happens next has been a hard nut for neuroscientists to crack, however, because of the intrinsic complexity of the brain.
At least 1000 types of neurons could potentially be affected by a surge in serotonin, and they don’t all respond in the same way —
some get triggered, for example, while others calm down.
“That’s because there are 14 types of serotonin receptors present in various combinations in different neurons,” said Dr. Yotam Sagi, a senior research associate in Greengard’s lab. How a cell reacts to the neurotransmitter depends on the particular hodgepodge of receptors it carries.
Sagi and Medrihan set out to identify the earliest molecular steps by which SSRIs curb depression. To narrow their search, they honed in on a region of the brain known as the dentate gyrus, and on a particular group of cells called cholecystokinin (CCK)-expressing neurons, which they suspected were affected by SSRI-induced serotonin changes.
Using a technique called translating ribosome affinity purification, developed at Rockefeller by Nathaniel Heintz and Greengard, Sagi was able to identify the serotonin receptors present on CCK cells.
“We were able to show that one type of receptor, called 5-HT2A, is important for SSRIs’ long-term effect,” he says, “while the other, 5-HT1B, mediates the initiation of their effect.”
Next, Medrihan set up a series of intricate experiments to see if he could mimic an SSRI response by manipulating CCK neurons in living mice.
He suppressed the activity of these cells with chemogenetics, a technique that makes it possible to switch nerve cells on or off at will, and placed panels of tiny electrodes inside mouse brains. He then monitored the firing of other neurons in the dentate gyrus.
“Only five years ago, this research would not have been feasible,” he said of the methods involved.
The results were unmistakable: when a mouse’s CCK neurons were inhibited, the same neural pathways that mediate responses to SSRIs lit up. In targeting these cells, the scientists had seemingly recreated a quickened, Prozac-like response without the drug itself.
They also performed behavioral experiments by placing the mice in a pool and monitoring their swimming patterns.
After the CCK neurons had been briefly silenced, the behavior of these animals, which had not received any drugs, was similar to that seen in other mice after Prozac treatment: They swam with prolonged zest.
Greengard says the research resolves an important question in the field. “Many different types of synapses throughout the brain use serotonin as their neurotransmitter,” he said.
“An issue of major importance has been to identify where in the myriad of neurons the antidepressants initiate their pharmacological action.”
The findings, which identify CCK neurons in the dentate gyrus as the site of interest, will advance scientists’ understanding of how SSRI antidepressants work, and “should also facilitate development of new classes of potent and selective drugs,” Greengard said.
Such future therapies would presumably act faster than existing SSRIs, and might also produce fewer side effects.
Source: Rockefeller University
