An innovative study by researchers at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) discovers brain changes are linked to memory loss in people with Alzheimer’s disease.
Investigators say the finding provides a new focus for exploring ways to treat or prevent dementia, which currently affects more than 560,000 Canadians and more than 5.5 million Americans.
The study shows that the brain’s ability to adapt or change – called brain plasticity – is significantly lower in people with early Alzheimer’s disease than in healthy individuals of the same age. The research effort focused on plasticity in the frontal lobes, the brain region involved in higher thinking activities, such as planning and working memory.
Working memory is like a computer’s RAM, the type of memory used to store and manipulate information to complete tasks over a short time period, such as doing mental calculations.
In the study, investigators discovered that people with reduced plasticity in the frontal lobes also experienced poorer working memory.
“What’s exciting is that we clearly demonstrated impairments in brain plasticity in the frontal lobes in people with early Alzheimer’s disease, and we showed that impaired brain plasticity is related to impaired function of the frontal lobes, specifically working memory,” says Dr. Tarek Rajji.
“This may indicate that impairments in brain plasticity underlie impairments in memory.”
The findings are promising because “impaired brain plasticity may be a future target for treatment or prevention of dementia, for which no great treatments exist at present,” says Dr. Sanjeev Kumar, lead author of the study.
Healthy plasticity in the frontal lobes is important because researchers believe this brain region supports the brain’s “cognitive reserve,” or protection, that offsets poorer functioning in other brain areas that may contribute to the development of dementia.
“Individuals with a higher reserve have been shown to develop dementia later in life than those with a lower reserve,” says Dr. Kumar.
The research team used an innovative approach, developed by Dr. Rajji and his colleagues in earlier research, to study brain plasticity in the frontal lobes.
In the CAMH-developed approach, the researchers use scalp electroencephalography (EEG), which measures electrical output generated directly by the frontal lobes in response to two-pronged brain stimulation, referred to as paired associative stimulation (PAS).
The participant wears a 64-node cap that transmits the EEG signal, and researchers measure a person’s EEG signal before and after stimulation. Changes in this signal are an indicator of brain plasticity in the frontal lobes.
The study included 32 people with Alzheimer’s disease and 16 healthy individuals, aged 65 or older.
“In both healthy individuals and people with early Alzheimer’s disease, we were able to illicit a plasticity response from the frontal lobes, which is positive in that it shows that the brain circuits are still working in people with early Alzheimer’s disease,” says Dr. Kumar.
“But plasticity was significantly lower in people with Alzheimer’s disease.”
Prior to the PAS arm of the study, each participant completed a memory test to assess the ability to recall alphabetic letter sequences. Individuals with impaired plasticity also had poorer recall ability.
As next steps, the researchers are investigating approaches to enhance plasticity in the frontal lobes. This includes research on brain stimulation alone or combined with brain-training exercises.
Investigators want to learn if a restoration of plasticity in the front part of the brain will improve memory among people with Alzheimer’s? Moreover, in people at risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease, can intervention to enhance frontal brain plasticity prevent the progression toward illness?
Source: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
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